Footnotes:
(1) Few people realise the Chao Phraya River was not running on the west side of the city island in the Ayutthaya period. In the Ayutthaya era, the Lopburi River flowed around the city. The old Chao Phraya River ran through the Bang Ban Canal to Si Kuk and from there to Bang Sai (historical site: Chedi Wat Sanam Chai), where the Lopburi River joined the Chao Phraya River. At the time, the Chao Phraya River was situated about ten kilometres west of the centre of Ayutthaya. The city was linked to the ancient Chao Phraya River northwest of Ayutthaya via the Khlong Maha Phram and in the southwest via the Khlong Nam Ya. Steve Van Beeck (1994), in 'The Chao Phya: River in Transition" (Oxford University Press - New York.), writes that "It was not until 1857 that an alternative path was created [for the Chao Phraya River]. A 5-kilometre channel was dug from the entrance of Wat Chulamani to Ban Mai. The river responded by following this new course and abandoning the old one, in effect making a secondary river of the stretch that ran from Ban Mai, and into the Chao Phya Noi. Half as wide as the river above and below it, the 1857 Ban Mai shunt funnels the Chao Phya down to Ayutthaya."
(2) Bang Kraja was a Chinese settlement area known for its water market opposite the Pom Phet fortress. It was an area where the Chinese and Cham sold sugar, sago small grain and large grain, sulphate, red sandalwood, ratan gear and other goods.
(3) Father Tomasa Valguarnera, a Sicilian, arrived from Macau in 1655 CE and remained in Siam for 15 years. In 1663 CE, Father Cardosa was sent to Ayutthaya to replace Valguarnera as superior, as King Narai had asked the latter to rebuild the walls of Ayutthaya. Valguarnera rebuilt the city walls of Ayutthaya until 1670 CE. He was appointed a Visitator of the Japanese and Chinese Provinces and left Siam. He returned to Siam in 1675 CE and again was occupied with rebuilding the walls of Ayutthaya until his death in Ayutthaya in 1677 CE.
(4) Dutch blockade of the Chao Phraya River in 1663 CE, after the announcement the previous year of a royal monopoly on Siamese exports.
(5) One of the possible drafters of the Bellin Map. de La Mare was initially embarked to teach piloting to the marine guards of the embassy and apparently was not a trained engineer in France. He was, although, a gifted, self-made man and fell soon in the taste of Constantine Phaulcon. On the arrival of the second French Embassy in 1687 CE - which was carrying four "Ingenieurs du Roi" to the French general Desfarges - the works at the fort in Bangkok were already ongoing. La Mare found him soon at loggerhead with Jean Vollant des Verquains, one of the four engineers working in Siam in 1687-1688 CE.
(6) Brick fortresses were constructed to replace the old fortifications. Known fortresses were Pom Maha Chai, Pom Sattakop, Pom Phet, Pom Ho Ratcha Khrue and Pom Khao Pluak.
(7) Hexagonal-shaped ramparts are usually found in forts built by the French, such as the Lopburi and Bangkok fortresses constructed during the reign of King Narai.
References:
[1] Rajanubhap, Damrong (Prince) (1917). Our Wars with the Burmese. White Lotus, Bangkok (2000). p. 66.
[2] Wood, William, A.R. (1924). A History of Siam. Chalermnit Press. p. 114, pp 128-130.
[3] Cushman, Richard D. & Wyatt, David K. (2006). The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya. Bangkok: The Siam Society. p. 82
[4] Cerutti, Pietro S.J. The Jesuits in Thailand. Part I (1607-1767).
[5] Smithies, Michael (2002). Desfarges (General), De La Touche (Lieutenant.), Jean Vollant - Des Verquains. Three Military Accounts of the 1688 'Revolution' in Siam. Orchid Press.
[6] Baker, Chris (2011). Note On Testimonies And Description Of Ayutthaya. Journal of the Siam Society. Vol. 99.
[7] Kaempfer, Engelbert (1727). The History of Japan (Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam). John Gaspar Scheuchzer.
[8] Wood, William, A.R. (1924). A History of Siam. Chalermnit Press. p. 273.
